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Vol. 22. Issue 7.
(August - September 2026)
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Vol. 22. Issue 7.
(August - September 2026)
Original article

Weight change patterns in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with leflunomide: A real-world comparative study

Patrones de cambio de peso en pacientes con artritis reumatoide tratados con leflunomida: un estudio comparativo en práctica clínica real
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Asadullah Khana,
Corresponding author
aswadkakar85@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Syed Nazeer Ahmedb, Rabbey Raza Khanc, Fazila Nazeerd, Hamid Ali Khanc, Sakina Kazmie
a Department of Rheumatology, Sandeman Provincial Hospital, Bolan Medical College, Brewery Road, Quetta 08757, Balochistan, Pakistan
b Department of Rheumatology, Bolan Medical College, Quetta 08757, Balochistan, Pakistan
c Department of Rheumatology, Bolan Medical College, Quetta, Pakistan
d Bolan Medical College, Quetta, Pakistan
e Department of Pharmacy, University of Baluchistan, Quetta, Pakistan
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Abstract
Background

Leflunomide is a widely used conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (csDMARD) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), particularly in low- and middle-income countries where biologics are cost-prohibitive. Weight loss is a recognised but understudied adverse effect. This study aimed to characterise the prevalence, magnitude, and temporal patterns of leflunomide-associated weight change in a real-world RA cohort.

Methods

This prospective longitudinal observational study was conducted at a rheumatology department using an exposure-defined prospective comparative cohort design. Patients newly initiated on leflunomide 20mg/day at enrollment (cases, n=206) were compared with RA patients not receiving leflunomide (controls, n=92) over 12 months. Body weight was recorded in the morning on a standardised scale by the same nurse at baseline and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Primary outcomes included any weight loss, clinically significant weight loss (≥5%), severe weight loss (≥10%), and rapid weight loss (≥5% by 3 months). Multivariable logistic regression was performed, adjusting for age, gender, baseline weight, disease activity, and disease duration.

Results

At 6 months, 56.8% of leflunomide-treated patients experienced any weight loss, with clinically significant weight loss (≥5%) in 31.1% and severe weight loss (≥10%) in 8.3%. Rapid weight loss occurred in 17.0% of cases. Leflunomide-exposed patients showed a progressive, stepwise mean weight decline (−0.94kg at 3 months, −1.44kg at 6 months, −2.23kg at 9 months), while controls remained stable. At 12 months, severe weight loss was significantly more frequent in cases than controls (19.6% vs 8.8%; p=0.042). Sustained clinically significant weight loss was observed in 21.7% of cases. On multivariable analysis, leflunomide exposure was independently associated with more than twofold higher odds of ≥5% weight loss (OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.21–5.03).

Conclusions

Leflunomide is independently associated with clinically meaningful and often progressive weight loss in patients with RA. These findings support routine weight monitoring in leflunomide-treated patients and underscore the importance of distinguishing drug-related weight reduction from other causes to avoid unnecessary diagnostic investigations and optimise patient counselling.

Keywords:
Rheumatoid arthritis
Leflunomide
Weight loss
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
Adverse effects
Resumen
Antecedentes

La leflunomida es un fármaco antirreumático modificador de la enfermedad sintético convencional (FAMEsc) ampliamente utilizado en la artritis reumatoide (AR), especialmente en países de ingresos bajos y medios donde los agentes biológicos resultan económicamente inaccesibles. La pérdida de peso es un efecto adverso reconocido, aunque poco estudiado. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar la prevalencia, magnitud y patrones temporales del cambio de peso asociado a leflunomida en una cohorte de AR en práctica clínica real.

Métodos

Se realizó un estudio observacional longitudinal prospectivo en un servicio de reumatología, con un diseño de cohorte comparativo prospectivo definido por exposición. Los pacientes con AR que iniciaron por primera vez leflunomida 20mg/día en el momento de la inclusión (casos, n=206) fueron comparados con pacientes con AR que no la recibían (controles, n=92) durante 12 meses. El peso corporal se registró en ayunas matutinas, en la misma báscula calibrada por la misma enfermera, al inicio y a los 3, 6, 9 y 12 meses. Los desenlaces primarios incluyeron cualquier pérdida de peso, pérdida de peso clínicamente significativa (≥5%), pérdida de peso grave (≥10%) y pérdida de peso rápida (≥5% a los 3 meses). Se realizó una regresión logística multivariable ajustando por edad, sexo, peso basal, actividad de la enfermedad y duración de la enfermedad.

Resultados

A los 6 meses, el 56,8% de los pacientes tratados con leflunomida experimentaron alguna pérdida de peso; el 31,1% presentó pérdida de peso clínicamente significativa (≥5%) y el 8,3% pérdida de peso grave (≥10%). La pérdida de peso rápida se observó en el 17,0% de los casos. Los pacientes expuestos a leflunomida mostraron un descenso de peso medio progresivo y escalonado (−0,94kg a los 3 meses; −1,44kg a los 6 meses; −2,23kg a los 9 meses), mientras que los controles permanecieron estables. A los 12 meses, la pérdida de peso grave fue significativamente más frecuente en los casos que en los controles (19,6% frente a 8,8%; p=0,042). Se observó una pérdida de peso clínicamente significativa sostenida en el 21,7% de los casos. En el análisis multivariable, la exposición a leflunomida se asoció de forma independiente con una probabilidad más del doble de presentar una pérdida de peso ≥5% (OR 2,46; IC 95%: 1,21–5,03).

Conclusiones

La leflunomida se asocia de forma independiente con una pérdida de peso clínicamente relevante y frecuentemente progresiva en pacientes con AR. Estos hallazgos respaldan la monitorización rutinaria del peso en los pacientes tratados con leflunomida y subrayan la importancia de distinguir la reducción de peso relacionada con el fármaco de otras causas, con el fin de evitar investigaciones diagnósticas innecesarias y optimizar el asesoramiento al paciente.

Palabras clave:
Artritis reumatoide
Leflunomida
Pérdida de peso
Fármacos antirreumáticos modificadores de la enfermedad
Efectos adversos

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