Sjogren's SyndromeClinimetric methods in Sjögren's syndrome
Section snippets
Methods
PubMed and MEDLINE databases were searched from date of inception until April 2012 for the keywords “keratoconjunctivitis sicca diagnosis,” “dry eye and dye mouth assessment,” “sialometry,” “sialochemistry,” “Sjögren's syndrome outcomes,” “Sjögren's syndrome activity,” “Sjögren's syndrome damage,” ”fatigue scales in Sjögren's syndrome,” and “Sjögren's syndrome quality of life.” The search was limited to reports in human subjects and in English language. Relevant articles and pertinent secondary
Results
The process of literature search and selection is depicted in Figure 1. The database search identified 564 articles that were screened for eligibility. Four hundred and sixty articles were excluded on the basis of abstract evaluation because they were irrelevant to study subject (either not related to SS or not describing clinimetic modalities). The remaining potentially relevant 104 articles were retrieved for detailed full text evaluation. We also searched by hand relevant secondary
Discussion
Various methods have been employed to assess the salivary and lacrimal involvement in SS, however a limited number of them have been subjected to evaluation to establish their clinical utility. In addition as there is a lack of a gold standard diagnostic test, combinations of different tests are commonly performed to help determining an accurate diagnosis. Some tools seem to be more appropriate for screening purposes (i.e. Schirmer test and wafer test) whereas others have a higher diagnostic
References (77)
Vital staining of the cornea and conjunctiva
Am J Ophthalmol
(1967)- et al.
A simplified quantitative method for assessing keratoconjunctivitis sicca from the Sjögren's syndrome international registry
Am J Ophthalmol
(2010) - et al.
Combination of the Schirmer I and phenol red thread tests as a rescue strategy for diagnosis of ocular dryness associates with Sjögren's syndrome
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci
(2011) - et al.
A comparison of diagnostic tests for keratoconjunctivitis sicca: lactoplate, Schirmer, and tear osmolarity
Contact Lens Assoc Ophthamol J
(1990) - et al.
Validity of the saliva ferning test for the diagnosis of dry mouth in Sjögren's syndrome
Rev Rheum Engl Ed
(1999) - et al.
Evaluation of palatal saliva flow rate and oral manifestations in patients with Sjögren's syndrome
Oral Dis
(2006) - et al.
Measurement of whole unstimulated saliva flow in the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome
Ann Rheum Dis
(1992) - et al.
The multidimensional fatigue inventory psychometric qualities of an instrument to assess fatigue
J Psychosom Res
(1995) - et al.
The fatigue severity scale. Application to patients with multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus
Arch Neurol
(1989) - et al.
Primary Sjögren's syndrome activity and damage indices comparison
Eur J Clin Invest
(2010)