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After age 30 lesions are often replaced with bone and radiologically not visible&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> However&#44; despite the relatively benign behavior&#44; it might provoke major problems&#46; Ocular complications are among the most serious and feared in these patients&#46; In this light&#44; orbital involvement does not occur after puberty but may still be present&#46; Thus&#44; patients with cherubism should be frequently examined by an ophthalmologist in order to perform a routine screening of the visual acuity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Case report</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 7 year old male visited the outpatient department of oral and maxillofacial surgery of our Hospital&#46; Parents referred bilateral progressive swelling of jaw bones&#46; Physical examination shows asymmetry of the face with gross chubby appearance&#46; Deformities were more pronounced on jaw bone and on left size&#46; In addition&#44; patients presented upward gaze and bilateral submandibular lymphadenopathy&#46; In view of these findings&#44; we decided to perform a panoramic radiograph and a head CT scan in order to guide the diagnosis&#46; This tests showed several multilocular cysts in all four quadrants of jaws &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; No significant alteration was observed with biochemical analysis of calcium metabolism&#46; Finally&#44; an incisional biopsy of cystic tissue was carried out&#46; Histopathological examination evidenced many multinucleated giant cells&#46; By correlating clinical&#44; radiographic and histopathological features a final diagnosis of cherubism was made&#46; After diagnosis&#44; patient was referred to an ophthalmologist with the aim of beginning a routine screening of the visual acuity&#46; No alteration was evidenced by eye examination&#46; Against this backdrop&#44; we decided to keep a conservative attitudes&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cherubism results from replacement of bone with multilocular cysts due to osteoblasts and osteoclasts malfunctioning &#40;Figs&#46; 2 and 3&#44; Supplementary Material&#41;&#46; As already mentioned it represent a benign fibro-osseous pathology and it should be distinguished from central giant cell granuloma &#40;CGCG&#41;&#44; multiple giant-cell lesion syndrome&#44; fibrous dysplasia&#44; brown tumors and Ramon syndrome and hyperparathyroidism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Differential diagnosis is based on specific clinical&#44; radiological and anatomo-pathological features&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the severity of pathology&#44; no effective treatment exists&#46; Therapy strategies include&#58; &#40;a&#41; surgical treatment&#59; &#40;b&#41; medical treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In relation to surgery&#44; the strategy of wait and see is the most commonly used in these patients &#40;Table 1&#44; Supplementary Material&#41;&#46; Surgery before puberty is only recommended in case of serious deformity or severe psychological impact&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In relation to medical treatment&#44; there is no evidence for an effective medical treatment&#46; Recently&#44; Tacrolimus demonstrated great results in one case&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Calcitonin might also be useful&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> These positive effects seem to be related with the inhibition of bone reabsorption&#46; On the other hand&#44; radiotherapy and adalimumab &#40;TNF-&#945; antagonist&#41; have not proven utility&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conclusion</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This report contains three central point&#46; First&#44; a conservative attitudes are recommended until after puberty&#46; Second&#44; the diagnosis of cherubism is based on the presence of specific clinical&#44; radiological and histological characteristics&#46; Notwithstanding&#44; a genetic study might be useful to achieve a safe diagnosis in borderline cases&#46; Indeed&#44; treatment substantially differs across benign fibro-osseous tumors&#46; Third&#44; further study should be undertaken regarding the effect of medical treatment in this disorder&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Financial assistance</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Authors not received financial assistance&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Authors&#8217; 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Vol. 13. Issue 6.
Pages 352-353 (November - December 2017)
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Vol. 13. Issue 6.
Pages 352-353 (November - December 2017)
Case report
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Cherubism. A case report
Querubismo. Discusión de un caso
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6537
Paolo Cariati
Corresponding author
paolocariati1@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Fernando Monsalve Iglesias, José Fernández Solís, Alfredo Valencia Laseca, Ildefonso Martinez Lara
Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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Abstract

Cherubism is a rare disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is classified as a benign fibro-osseous lesions and may involve either facial bone. Its typical dentofacial deformities are caused by mutations in the SH3BP2 gene. The protein encoded by SH3BP2 had a significant role in the regulation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Accordingly with the radiological findings, differential diagnoses includes fibrous dysplasia, giant cell granuloma, osteosarcoma, juvenile ossifying fibroma, fibrous osteoma, odontogenic cyst and hyperparathyroidism. The aim of the present report is twofold. First, we examine the importance of the proper management of these cases. Second, we describe this rare syndrome with the goal of proposing suitable treatments.

Keywords:
Cherubism
Autosomal dominant inheritance
Benign fibro-osseous disorder
Self-limiting pathology
Resumen

El querubismo es una enfermedad rara. Presenta herencia autosómica dominante y es clasificada como una enfermedad fibroósea benigna. Las deformidades típicas de esta dolencia se deben a la alteración del gen SH3BP2 y pueden afectar a cualquier hueso del macizo facial. La proteína codificada por este gen es fundamental para el correcto funcionamiento de osteoblastos y osteoclastos. El diagnóstico diferencial debe incluir: displasia fibrosa, granuloma de células gigantes, osteosarcoma, fibroma osificante juvenil, fibroma osteoide e hiperparatiroidismo.

Palabras clave:
Querubismo
Herencia autosómica dominante
Enfermedad fibroósea benigna
Enfermedad autolimitante
Full Text
Introduction

Cherubism is an uncommon disease classified as a benign fibro-osseous pathology. It presents an autosomal dominant inheritance and normally appears during childhood.1 Typical dentofacial deformities of this disorder are caused by mutations in SH3BP2 gene on chromosome 4 (SH3-domain binding protein 2).2 The protein encoded by SH3BP2 is essential for bone metabolism. This results in formation of numerous cysts that affect facial bones. Specifically, lower jaw is often the most afflicted by pathology.3

Cherubism is self-limiting with regression after puberty. After age 30 lesions are often replaced with bone and radiologically not visible.4 However, despite the relatively benign behavior, it might provoke major problems. Ocular complications are among the most serious and feared in these patients. In this light, orbital involvement does not occur after puberty but may still be present. Thus, patients with cherubism should be frequently examined by an ophthalmologist in order to perform a routine screening of the visual acuity.5

Case report

A 7 year old male visited the outpatient department of oral and maxillofacial surgery of our Hospital. Parents referred bilateral progressive swelling of jaw bones. Physical examination shows asymmetry of the face with gross chubby appearance. Deformities were more pronounced on jaw bone and on left size. In addition, patients presented upward gaze and bilateral submandibular lymphadenopathy. In view of these findings, we decided to perform a panoramic radiograph and a head CT scan in order to guide the diagnosis. This tests showed several multilocular cysts in all four quadrants of jaws (Fig. 1). No significant alteration was observed with biochemical analysis of calcium metabolism. Finally, an incisional biopsy of cystic tissue was carried out. Histopathological examination evidenced many multinucleated giant cells. By correlating clinical, radiographic and histopathological features a final diagnosis of cherubism was made. After diagnosis, patient was referred to an ophthalmologist with the aim of beginning a routine screening of the visual acuity. No alteration was evidenced by eye examination. Against this backdrop, we decided to keep a conservative attitudes.

Fig. 1.

3D-reconstruction of patient lesions.

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Discussion

Cherubism results from replacement of bone with multilocular cysts due to osteoblasts and osteoclasts malfunctioning (Figs. 2 and 3, Supplementary Material). As already mentioned it represent a benign fibro-osseous pathology and it should be distinguished from central giant cell granuloma (CGCG), multiple giant-cell lesion syndrome, fibrous dysplasia, brown tumors and Ramon syndrome and hyperparathyroidism.6 Differential diagnosis is based on specific clinical, radiological and anatomo-pathological features.

Although the severity of pathology, no effective treatment exists. Therapy strategies include: (a) surgical treatment; (b) medical treatment.

In relation to surgery, the strategy of wait and see is the most commonly used in these patients (Table 1, Supplementary Material). Surgery before puberty is only recommended in case of serious deformity or severe psychological impact.7

In relation to medical treatment, there is no evidence for an effective medical treatment. Recently, Tacrolimus demonstrated great results in one case.8 Calcitonin might also be useful.9 These positive effects seem to be related with the inhibition of bone reabsorption. On the other hand, radiotherapy and adalimumab (TNF-α antagonist) have not proven utility.

Conclusion

This report contains three central point. First, a conservative attitudes are recommended until after puberty. Second, the diagnosis of cherubism is based on the presence of specific clinical, radiological and histological characteristics. Notwithstanding, a genetic study might be useful to achieve a safe diagnosis in borderline cases. Indeed, treatment substantially differs across benign fibro-osseous tumors. Third, further study should be undertaken regarding the effect of medical treatment in this disorder.

Ethical disclosuresProtection of human and animal subjects

The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study.

Confidentiality of data

The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.

Right to privacy and informed consent

The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.

Financial assistance

Authors not received financial assistance.

Authors’ contributions

All authors participated in the creation of manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Appendix A
Supplementary data

The following are the supplementary data to this article:

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Copyright © 2016. Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Reumatología y Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología
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