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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Systemic lupus erythematosus &#40;SLE&#41; is a chronic autoimmune disease with heterogeneous presentation of symptoms&#44; time-varying activity&#44; multisystemic&#44; characterised by the presence of antinuclear antibodies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite decades of studies&#44; few biomarkers of SLE activity have been validated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The conventional markers &#40;anti-C1q&#44; anti-dsDNA&#44; C3 and C4&#41; are suboptimal&#44; as they have a sensitivity of 50&#37; and specificity of 75&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Hence the need for new biomarkers to determine response to treatment&#44; and the need to modify treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is evidence that interferon &#40;IFN&#41; signalling is a major inducer in the pathophysiology of SLE&#46; For example&#44; the use of INF in other diseases induces SLE-associated antibodies&#46; Therefore&#44; overexpression of INF-stimulated genes in the blood of these patients has the potential to be a biomarker of activity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">INF-induced chemokine protein 10 &#40;IP-10 or CXCL10&#41; is secreted by macrophages&#44; monocytes&#44; and endothelial cells in response to INF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Its CXCR3 receptor is expressed in Th1&#44; B&#44; NK lymphocytes and dendritic cells&#46; Its functions include chemotactic activity&#44; apoptosis induction&#44; growth regulation&#44; cell proliferation and angiogenesis&#46; It is important because several studies have linked its serum levels to lupus activity and lupus nephritis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although an increase in the relative expression of IP-10 has been found in leukocytes obtained from the peripheral blood of patients with SLE&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> there is little information correlating the degree of gene expression with disease activity&#44; and therefore the aim of this study is to evaluate the relative gene expression of the IP-10 gene in people with SLE&#44; and its possible relationship with disease activity&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Patients and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Patients</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the period between January 2018 and October 2019&#44; 270 women who attended the rheumatology outpatient department or were admitted to the Central Military Hospital&#44; classified as SLE cases according to the 1997 American College of Rheumatology criteria&#44; were recruited&#46; Their activity was quantified using the SLEDAI-2K instrument blinded to obtaining IP-10 gene expression&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> excluding those with active infectious processes over the last three months&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thirty healthy women were also recruited for the control group who were not obese&#44; and had no autoimmune diseases or active infections in the last three months&#46; All the patients gave their informed consent&#44; and this research study was approved by the bioethics and research committee of the Central Military Hospital&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Five groups were formed based on their SLEDAI-2K score&#44; each with n&#160;&#61;&#160;30&#58; 1&#46;- control&#44; 2&#46;- no disease activity &#40;NDA&#41; score of zero to two&#44; 3&#46;- mild disease activity &#40;MDA&#41; score of three to four&#44; 4&#46;- moderate disease activity &#40;ModDA&#41; score of six to eight and 5&#46;- severe disease activity &#40;SDA&#41; score of &#62;eight&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Samples</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Blood samples were obtained by venous puncture from all the patients and processed in the molecular biology laboratory of the SEDENA Military School of Health Graduates&#44; obtaining and quantifying total ribonucleic acid &#40;RNA&#41; from leukocytes in each of the samples&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition&#44; primers were designed to amplify a specific region in exons 2 and 3 of the IP-10 gene and gene expression was measured using Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR &#40;qRT-PCR&#41; of IP-10 messenger RNA &#40;mRNA&#41;&#46; The expression of an endogenous gene &#40;glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase &#91;GAPDH&#93;&#41; was then obtained from all samples&#46; KAPA SYBR FAST One-Step qRT-PCR Master Mix &#40;2X&#41;&#44; from Kappa Biosystem was the kit used&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Quantification of gene expression</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The relative gene expression of the groups was quantified by the fold change &#40;FC&#41; method&#44; using the values of the cycles in which the samples begin to show significant fluorescence &#40;Ct&#41;&#44; obtained by qRT-PCR&#59; Ct values are inversely proportional to the initial concentration of mRNA&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first step in this method is to obtain the &#916;CT which is the difference between the Ct means of the studied gene and the endogenous gene in a group&#44; this value evaluates the expression of the gene in a group&#46; Then&#44; the &#916;&#916;CT is obtained&#44; which is the difference of the &#916;CT between the groups with the disease and the control group&#44; which evaluates gene behaviour in a disease&#46; Finally&#44; the FC is obtained using the formula 2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;&#916;&#916;CT</span> and means the times a gene is over- or under-expressed on the logarithmic scale&#44; in a group or groups with SLE with respect to the control group which has an FC value of 1&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Because of its continuous scale&#44; tendency to normality and not representing a proportion&#44; the overall statistical significance between groups is obtained with the &#916;CT values by the analysis of variance test &#40;ANOVA&#41;&#46; Expression of the gene under study &#40;IP-10&#41; is considered to be significantly involved in disease activity when the FC of the group is greater than two&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">GraphPad Prism 8&#46;4&#46;0 software was used for the statistical analysis&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Not normally distributed data are presented as medians &#40;IQR&#41;&#46; Of all the patients included&#44; the median age was 38 years &#40;29&#44; 53&#41;&#46; The women with SLE had a median SLEDAI-2K score of eight &#40;four&#44; 27&#41; and age of 42 years &#40;34&#44; 54&#41;&#46; The characteristics by group and FC analysis are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> plots the FC of the groups&#46; The difference in the relative expression of IP-10 between the groups was statistically significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;5&#46;3 &#91;4104&#46;8&#93;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;&#60;&#46;001&#41; determined by one-way ANOVA &#40;Brown-Forsythe&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study demonstrated a significant increase &#40;FC&#160;&#62;&#160;2&#41; in IP-10 gene expression in the patients with SLE and SDA&#44; who had a greater increase in IP-10 expression than the other subjects&#46; Apart from the MDA group&#44; the FC values were higher in those diagnosed with SLE&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although there was a statistically significant difference between the age of all the groups&#44; when only patients diagnosed with SLE were considered&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-value was &#46;3&#46; Therefore&#44; the variation in gene expression observed in this study cannot be considered to be associated with age&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The findings in the ModDA group could be explained by differences in response to treatment&#44; as it has been found that IP-10 expression is reduced in patients who respond well to immunomodulatory treatment&#46; It is possible that the ModDA group represents the population with a good response&#44; patients with MDA or SDA&#44; those starting on therapy or newly diagnosed and those with SDA that is resistant to treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is also evidence that the predominance of the Th1 phenotype in CD4&#43; lymphocytes in SLE patients is associated with increased lupus activity&#46; INF secreted by Th1 lymphocytes promotes the synthesis and release of INF response products such as IP-10&#46; By contrast&#44; interleukins secreted by Th2 lymphocytes antagonise the secretion and action of mediators released by Th1 lymphocytes&#44; including INF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Therefore&#44; the lower IP-10 gene expression in the ModDA group may be due to a predominance of Th2 lymphocytes&#44; and the SDA group has higher IP-10 gene expression due to a predominance of Th1 lymphocytes&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; it could be suggested that the significant increase in IP-10 gene expression may be a biomarker of severe lupus activity&#44; which implies that it could be used to identify patients that require adjustment of treatment and stricter surveillance&#46; As this was a preliminary study&#44; the patients&#8217; treatments and CD4&#43; lymphocyte phenotype were not collected and further prospective studies with larger case numbers that consider these variables are needed to corroborate our observations&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Funding</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No funding was received for this paper&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflict of interests to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2020-08-15"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2021-01-14"
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            0 => "CXCL-10"
            1 => "IP-10"
            2 => "INF"
            3 => "SLE"
            4 => "Systemic lupus erythematosus"
            5 => "Lupus activity"
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            0 => "CXCL-10"
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            3 => "LES"
            4 => "Lupus eritematoso sist&#233;mico"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate IP-10 gene expression in patients with SLE&#44; and its possible relationship with disease activity&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study included 120 patients diagnosed with SLE and 30 healthy controls&#46; The relative gene expression of IP-10 was investigated with the Fold Change method&#44; which was correlated with the level of lupus activity evaluated with the SLEDAI 2-K instrument&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Different levels of gene expression were found according to the SLE activity &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;&#60;&#46;001&#41;&#46; IP-10 gene expression levels were higher in patients with severe activity than in those with no activity&#44; low activity&#44; and moderate activity&#46; The increase in gene expression in the severe activity group was significant with a Fold Change of 3</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The significant increase in relative gene expression IP-10 may be a marker of severe lupus activity&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar la expresi&#243;n g&#233;nica del gen IP-10 en pacientes con LES&#44; y su posible relaci&#243;n con la actividad de la enfermedad&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El estudio incluy&#243; 120 pacientes diagnosticados con LES y 30 controles sanos&#46; Se investig&#243; la expresi&#243;n g&#233;nica relativa de IP-10 con el m&#233;todo Fold Change&#44; la cual fue correlacionada con el nivel de actividad l&#250;pica evaluado con el instrumento SLEDAI 2-K&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se encontr&#243; diferentes niveles en la expresi&#243;n g&#233;nica de IP-10 relacionada con la actividad l&#250;pica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span>&#160;&#60;0&#44;001<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span>&#46; Los niveles de expresi&#243;n g&#233;nica de IP-10 fueron mayores en los pacientes con actividad grave respecto a aquellos sin actividad&#44; actividad baja y actividad moderada&#46; El incremento en la expresi&#243;n g&#233;nica del grupo con actividad grave fue significativo con un Fold Change de 3&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El incremento significativo en la expresi&#243;n g&#233;nica relativa IP-10 puede ser un marcador de actividad l&#250;pica grave&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Please cite this article as&#58; Torres-V&#225;zquez J&#44; Uriel V&#225;zquez-Medina M&#44; Comoto-Santacruz DA&#44; Pradillo-Macias ME&#44; Mu&#241;oz-Monroy OE&#44; Mart&#237;nez-Cuazitl A&#46; Relaci&#243;n de la expresi&#243;n g&#233;nica de IP-10 con la actividad del lupus eritematoso sist&#233;mico&#46; Reumatol Clin&#46; 2022&#59;18&#58;91&#8211;93&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relative IP-10 gene expression according to SLE activity&#46; The geometric mean and 95&#37; confidence interval of the IP-10 fold change in each group are presented&#46; Only the group with severe disease activity shows a significant increase in relative gene expression&#46;</p> <p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">LES&#58; systemic lupus erythematosus&#59; MDA&#58; Mild disease activity&#59; ModDA&#58; Moderate disease activity&#59; NDA&#58; No disease activity&#59; SDA&#58; Severe disease activity&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SDA&#58; Severe disease activity&#59; MDA&#58; Mild disease activity&#59; ModDA&#58; Moderate activity&#59; SLE age&#58; Age of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus&#59; GAPDH&#58; Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase&#59; CI&#58; Confidence interval&#59; IQR&#58; Interquartile range&#59; IP-10&#58; Interferon gamma-induced protein 10&#59; NDA&#58; No disease activity&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NDA No&#46;&#160;&#61;&#160;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SDA No&#46;&#160;&#61;&#160;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="7" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Characteristics by group</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Median &#40;IQR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#40;23&#46;28&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34 &#40;27&#46; 54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;31&#46;49&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47 &#40;34&#46; 69&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">43 &#40;34&#46;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;&#46;001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SLE age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34 &#40;27&#46; 54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;31&#46;49&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47 &#40;34&#46; 69&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">43 &#40;34&#46;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SLEDAI-2K&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;&#46; 0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;4&#46; 4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;6&#46; 8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;20&#46; 34&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="7" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Analysis of IP-10 fold change</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">GADPH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IP-10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#916;CT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;&#46;001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#916;&#916;CT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;&#46;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fold change</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mean 95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;&#46;6&#8211;1&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;38 &#40;&#46;8&#8211;2&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;41 &#40;1&#46;1&#8211;1&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;56 &#40;&#46;3&#8211;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;1&#46;4&#8211;6&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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Brief Report
Relationship of IP-10 gene expression to systemic lupus erythematosus activity
Relación de la expresión génica de IP-10 con la actividad del lupus eritematoso sistémico
Julián Torres-Vázqueza, Martín Uriel Vázquez-Medinaa,b,c,
Corresponding author
marvazcan65@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, David Alberto Comoto-Santacruzd, Mariano Emilio Pradillo-Maciasa,c, Omar Eloy Muñoz-Monroya, Adriana Martínez-Cuazitla,c,d
a Hospital Central Militar, SEDENA, Mexico City, Mexico
b Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
c Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Central Militar, SEDENA, Mexico City, Mexico
d Laboratorio Multidisciplinario de Investigación, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, SEDENA, Mexico City, Mexico
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relative IP-10 gene expression according to SLE activity&#46; The geometric mean and 95&#37; confidence interval of the IP-10 fold change in each group are presented&#46; Only the group with severe disease activity shows a significant increase in relative gene expression&#46;</p> <p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">LES&#58; systemic lupus erythematosus&#59; MDA&#58; Mild disease activity&#59; ModDA&#58; Moderate disease activity&#59; NDA&#58; No disease activity&#59; SDA&#58; Severe disease activity&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Systemic lupus erythematosus &#40;SLE&#41; is a chronic autoimmune disease with heterogeneous presentation of symptoms&#44; time-varying activity&#44; multisystemic&#44; characterised by the presence of antinuclear antibodies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite decades of studies&#44; few biomarkers of SLE activity have been validated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The conventional markers &#40;anti-C1q&#44; anti-dsDNA&#44; C3 and C4&#41; are suboptimal&#44; as they have a sensitivity of 50&#37; and specificity of 75&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Hence the need for new biomarkers to determine response to treatment&#44; and the need to modify treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is evidence that interferon &#40;IFN&#41; signalling is a major inducer in the pathophysiology of SLE&#46; For example&#44; the use of INF in other diseases induces SLE-associated antibodies&#46; Therefore&#44; overexpression of INF-stimulated genes in the blood of these patients has the potential to be a biomarker of activity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">INF-induced chemokine protein 10 &#40;IP-10 or CXCL10&#41; is secreted by macrophages&#44; monocytes&#44; and endothelial cells in response to INF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Its CXCR3 receptor is expressed in Th1&#44; B&#44; NK lymphocytes and dendritic cells&#46; Its functions include chemotactic activity&#44; apoptosis induction&#44; growth regulation&#44; cell proliferation and angiogenesis&#46; It is important because several studies have linked its serum levels to lupus activity and lupus nephritis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although an increase in the relative expression of IP-10 has been found in leukocytes obtained from the peripheral blood of patients with SLE&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> there is little information correlating the degree of gene expression with disease activity&#44; and therefore the aim of this study is to evaluate the relative gene expression of the IP-10 gene in people with SLE&#44; and its possible relationship with disease activity&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Patients and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Patients</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the period between January 2018 and October 2019&#44; 270 women who attended the rheumatology outpatient department or were admitted to the Central Military Hospital&#44; classified as SLE cases according to the 1997 American College of Rheumatology criteria&#44; were recruited&#46; Their activity was quantified using the SLEDAI-2K instrument blinded to obtaining IP-10 gene expression&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> excluding those with active infectious processes over the last three months&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thirty healthy women were also recruited for the control group who were not obese&#44; and had no autoimmune diseases or active infections in the last three months&#46; All the patients gave their informed consent&#44; and this research study was approved by the bioethics and research committee of the Central Military Hospital&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Five groups were formed based on their SLEDAI-2K score&#44; each with n&#160;&#61;&#160;30&#58; 1&#46;- control&#44; 2&#46;- no disease activity &#40;NDA&#41; score of zero to two&#44; 3&#46;- mild disease activity &#40;MDA&#41; score of three to four&#44; 4&#46;- moderate disease activity &#40;ModDA&#41; score of six to eight and 5&#46;- severe disease activity &#40;SDA&#41; score of &#62;eight&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Samples</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Blood samples were obtained by venous puncture from all the patients and processed in the molecular biology laboratory of the SEDENA Military School of Health Graduates&#44; obtaining and quantifying total ribonucleic acid &#40;RNA&#41; from leukocytes in each of the samples&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition&#44; primers were designed to amplify a specific region in exons 2 and 3 of the IP-10 gene and gene expression was measured using Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR &#40;qRT-PCR&#41; of IP-10 messenger RNA &#40;mRNA&#41;&#46; The expression of an endogenous gene &#40;glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase &#91;GAPDH&#93;&#41; was then obtained from all samples&#46; KAPA SYBR FAST One-Step qRT-PCR Master Mix &#40;2X&#41;&#44; from Kappa Biosystem was the kit used&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Quantification of gene expression</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The relative gene expression of the groups was quantified by the fold change &#40;FC&#41; method&#44; using the values of the cycles in which the samples begin to show significant fluorescence &#40;Ct&#41;&#44; obtained by qRT-PCR&#59; Ct values are inversely proportional to the initial concentration of mRNA&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first step in this method is to obtain the &#916;CT which is the difference between the Ct means of the studied gene and the endogenous gene in a group&#44; this value evaluates the expression of the gene in a group&#46; Then&#44; the &#916;&#916;CT is obtained&#44; which is the difference of the &#916;CT between the groups with the disease and the control group&#44; which evaluates gene behaviour in a disease&#46; Finally&#44; the FC is obtained using the formula 2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;&#916;&#916;CT</span> and means the times a gene is over- or under-expressed on the logarithmic scale&#44; in a group or groups with SLE with respect to the control group which has an FC value of 1&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Because of its continuous scale&#44; tendency to normality and not representing a proportion&#44; the overall statistical significance between groups is obtained with the &#916;CT values by the analysis of variance test &#40;ANOVA&#41;&#46; Expression of the gene under study &#40;IP-10&#41; is considered to be significantly involved in disease activity when the FC of the group is greater than two&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">GraphPad Prism 8&#46;4&#46;0 software was used for the statistical analysis&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Not normally distributed data are presented as medians &#40;IQR&#41;&#46; Of all the patients included&#44; the median age was 38 years &#40;29&#44; 53&#41;&#46; The women with SLE had a median SLEDAI-2K score of eight &#40;four&#44; 27&#41; and age of 42 years &#40;34&#44; 54&#41;&#46; The characteristics by group and FC analysis are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> plots the FC of the groups&#46; The difference in the relative expression of IP-10 between the groups was statistically significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;5&#46;3 &#91;4104&#46;8&#93;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;&#60;&#46;001&#41; determined by one-way ANOVA &#40;Brown-Forsythe&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study demonstrated a significant increase &#40;FC&#160;&#62;&#160;2&#41; in IP-10 gene expression in the patients with SLE and SDA&#44; who had a greater increase in IP-10 expression than the other subjects&#46; Apart from the MDA group&#44; the FC values were higher in those diagnosed with SLE&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although there was a statistically significant difference between the age of all the groups&#44; when only patients diagnosed with SLE were considered&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-value was &#46;3&#46; Therefore&#44; the variation in gene expression observed in this study cannot be considered to be associated with age&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The findings in the ModDA group could be explained by differences in response to treatment&#44; as it has been found that IP-10 expression is reduced in patients who respond well to immunomodulatory treatment&#46; It is possible that the ModDA group represents the population with a good response&#44; patients with MDA or SDA&#44; those starting on therapy or newly diagnosed and those with SDA that is resistant to treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is also evidence that the predominance of the Th1 phenotype in CD4&#43; lymphocytes in SLE patients is associated with increased lupus activity&#46; INF secreted by Th1 lymphocytes promotes the synthesis and release of INF response products such as IP-10&#46; By contrast&#44; interleukins secreted by Th2 lymphocytes antagonise the secretion and action of mediators released by Th1 lymphocytes&#44; including INF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Therefore&#44; the lower IP-10 gene expression in the ModDA group may be due to a predominance of Th2 lymphocytes&#44; and the SDA group has higher IP-10 gene expression due to a predominance of Th1 lymphocytes&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; it could be suggested that the significant increase in IP-10 gene expression may be a biomarker of severe lupus activity&#44; which implies that it could be used to identify patients that require adjustment of treatment and stricter surveillance&#46; As this was a preliminary study&#44; the patients&#8217; treatments and CD4&#43; lymphocyte phenotype were not collected and further prospective studies with larger case numbers that consider these variables are needed to corroborate our observations&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Funding</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No funding was received for this paper&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflict of interests to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0005"
              "titulo" => "Objectives"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0010"
              "titulo" => "Patients and methods"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0015"
              "titulo" => "Results"
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            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0020"
              "titulo" => "Conclusion"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1480670"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres1666379"
          "titulo" => "Resumen"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0025"
              "titulo" => "Objetivo"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0030"
              "titulo" => "Pacientes y m&#233;todos"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0035"
              "titulo" => "Resultados"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0040"
              "titulo" => "Conclusi&#243;n"
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          ]
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        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1480671"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
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        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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        5 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Patients and methods"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Patients"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Samples"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Quantification of gene expression"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0030"
          "titulo" => "Results"
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        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0035"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
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        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0040"
          "titulo" => "Funding"
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        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0045"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interests"
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        10 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
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      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2020-08-15"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2021-01-14"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1480670"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "CXCL-10"
            1 => "IP-10"
            2 => "INF"
            3 => "SLE"
            4 => "Systemic lupus erythematosus"
            5 => "Lupus activity"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1480671"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "CXCL-10"
            1 => "IP-10"
            2 => "INF"
            3 => "LES"
            4 => "Lupus eritematoso sist&#233;mico"
            5 => "Actividad l&#250;pica"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate IP-10 gene expression in patients with SLE&#44; and its possible relationship with disease activity&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study included 120 patients diagnosed with SLE and 30 healthy controls&#46; The relative gene expression of IP-10 was investigated with the Fold Change method&#44; which was correlated with the level of lupus activity evaluated with the SLEDAI 2-K instrument&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Different levels of gene expression were found according to the SLE activity &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;&#60;&#46;001&#41;&#46; IP-10 gene expression levels were higher in patients with severe activity than in those with no activity&#44; low activity&#44; and moderate activity&#46; The increase in gene expression in the severe activity group was significant with a Fold Change of 3</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The significant increase in relative gene expression IP-10 may be a marker of severe lupus activity&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objectives"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Patients and methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusion"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar la expresi&#243;n g&#233;nica del gen IP-10 en pacientes con LES&#44; y su posible relaci&#243;n con la actividad de la enfermedad&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El estudio incluy&#243; 120 pacientes diagnosticados con LES y 30 controles sanos&#46; Se investig&#243; la expresi&#243;n g&#233;nica relativa de IP-10 con el m&#233;todo Fold Change&#44; la cual fue correlacionada con el nivel de actividad l&#250;pica evaluado con el instrumento SLEDAI 2-K&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se encontr&#243; diferentes niveles en la expresi&#243;n g&#233;nica de IP-10 relacionada con la actividad l&#250;pica &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#61;</span>&#160;&#60;0&#44;001<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span>&#46; Los niveles de expresi&#243;n g&#233;nica de IP-10 fueron mayores en los pacientes con actividad grave respecto a aquellos sin actividad&#44; actividad baja y actividad moderada&#46; El incremento en la expresi&#243;n g&#233;nica del grupo con actividad grave fue significativo con un Fold Change de 3&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El incremento significativo en la expresi&#243;n g&#233;nica relativa IP-10 puede ser un marcador de actividad l&#250;pica grave&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Objetivo"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Pacientes y m&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusi&#243;n"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Please cite this article as&#58; Torres-V&#225;zquez J&#44; Uriel V&#225;zquez-Medina M&#44; Comoto-Santacruz DA&#44; Pradillo-Macias ME&#44; Mu&#241;oz-Monroy OE&#44; Mart&#237;nez-Cuazitl A&#46; Relaci&#243;n de la expresi&#243;n g&#233;nica de IP-10 con la actividad del lupus eritematoso sist&#233;mico&#46; Reumatol Clin&#46; 2022&#59;18&#58;91&#8211;93&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
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      0 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1220
            "Ancho" => 1163
            "Tamanyo" => 56886
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        ]
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0005"
            "detalle" => "Fig&#46; "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relative IP-10 gene expression according to SLE activity&#46; The geometric mean and 95&#37; confidence interval of the IP-10 fold change in each group are presented&#46; Only the group with severe disease activity shows a significant increase in relative gene expression&#46;</p> <p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">LES&#58; systemic lupus erythematosus&#59; MDA&#58; Mild disease activity&#59; ModDA&#58; Moderate disease activity&#59; NDA&#58; No disease activity&#59; SDA&#58; Severe disease activity&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0010"
            "detalle" => "Table "
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        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SDA&#58; Severe disease activity&#59; MDA&#58; Mild disease activity&#59; ModDA&#58; Moderate activity&#59; SLE age&#58; Age of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus&#59; GAPDH&#58; Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase&#59; CI&#58; Confidence interval&#59; IQR&#58; Interquartile range&#59; IP-10&#58; Interferon gamma-induced protein 10&#59; NDA&#58; No disease activity&#46;</p>"
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46;&#160;&#61;&#160;150&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control No&#46;&#160;&#61;&#160;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NDA No&#46;&#160;&#61;&#160;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">MDA No&#46;&#160;&#61;&#160;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ModDA No&#46;&#160;&#61;&#160;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SDA No&#46;&#160;&#61;&#160;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Median &#40;IQR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">24&#40;23&#46;28&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">34 &#40;27&#46; 54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;31&#46;49&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">47 &#40;34&#46; 69&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">43 &#40;34&#46;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;&#46;001<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SLE age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">34 &#40;27&#46; 54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;31&#46;49&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">47 &#40;34&#46; 69&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">43 &#40;34&#46;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SLEDAI-2K&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;&#46; 0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;4&#46; 4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;6&#46; 8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;20&#46; 34&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Analysis of IP-10 fold change</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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ISSN: 21735743
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