Información del artículo
El trabajo es una visión personal del autor de cómo se debe abordar el conocimiento de los agentes infecciosos y su participación en la puesta en marcha de los mecanismos inmunopatogénicos, para intentar esclarecer su papel en el origen de ciertas enfermedades reumáticas. Partiendo de las respuestas inmunitarias básicas, se desglosan las evidencias actuales y los mecanismos moleculares más recientemente reconocidos, así como sus implicaciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas.
Palabras clave:
Mecanismos patogénicos
Bacterias
Virus
Artritis reumatoide
Enfermedades reumáticas
This article is an author's view of how to face the knowledge about infectious agents and their pathogenic role in the starting immune mechanisms, trying to clarify its role in the origin of some rheumatic diseases. From the basic immune responds, recent evidence and newly molecular mechanisms are dissected as well as diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
Key words:
Pathogenesis
Bacteria
Virus
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatic diseases
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
M.I. Gul’neva, V.A. Romanov, N.P. Shilkina.
Intestinal microecology in some systemic connective tissue diseases.
Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, 4 (2007), pp. 38-41
[2.]
N. Lamping, R. Dettmer, N.W. Schroder, D. Pfiel, W. Hallatschek, R. Burger, et al.
LPS-binding protein protects mice from septic shock caused by LPS or gramnegative bacteria.
J Clin Invest, 101 (1998), pp. 2065-2071
[3.]
G. Trinchieri.
Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity.
Nat Rev Immunol, 3 (2003), pp. 133-146
[4.]
S.L. Constant, K. Bottomly.
Induction of Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T cell responses: the alternative approaches.
Ann Rev Immunol, 15 (1997), pp. 297-322
[5.]
R.M. Steinman, M.C. Nussenzweig.
Avoiding horror autotoxicus: the importance of dendritic cells in peripheral T cell tolerance.
Proc Natl Acad Sci, 99 (2002), pp. 351-358
[6.]
G. Falgarone, O. Jaen, M. Boissier.
Role for innate immunity in rheumatoid arthritis.
Joint Bone Spine, 72 (2005), pp. 17-25
[7.]
Y. Keynan, C.M. Card, P.J. McLaren, M.R. Dawood, K. Kasper, K.R. Fowke.
The role of regulatory T cells in chronic and acute viral infections.
Clin Infect Dis, 46 (2008), pp. 1046-1052
[8.]
G. Ferracioli, B. Tolusso.
Infections, B cell receptor activation and autoimmunity: Different check-point impairments lead to autoimmunity, clonal B cell expansion and fibrosis in different immunological settings.
Autoimmun Rev, 7 (2007), pp. 109-113
[9.]
E. Toussirot, J. Roudier.
Pathophysiological links between rheumatoid arthritis and the Epstein-Barr virus: An update.
Joint Bone Spine, 74 (2007), pp. 418-426
[10.]
P. Houpikian, D. Raoult.
Diagnostic methods. Current best practices and guidelines for identification of difficult to culture pathogens in infectious endocarditis.
Infect Dis Clin North Am, 16 (2002), pp. 377-392
[11.]
C. Tseng, J. Cheng, C. Tseng, C. Wang, Y. Chen, T. Chiu, et al.
Broad-Range ribosomal RNA real-time PCR after removal of DNA from reagents: melting profiles for clinically important bacteria.
Clin Chem, 49 (2003), pp. 306-309
[12.]
O. Barzilai, Y. Sherer, M. Ram, D. Izhaky, J.M. Anaya, J.M. Shoenfeld.
Epstein-Barr virus and Cytomegalovirus in autoimmune diseases: Are they truly notorious? A preliminary report.
Ann NY Acad Sci, 1108 (2007), pp. 567
[13.]
N. Balandraud, J. Roudier, C. Roudier.
Epstein-Barr virus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Autoimmun Rev, 3 (2004), pp. 362
[14.]
M. Rihl, A. Klos, L. Köhler, J.G. Kuipers.
Reactive arthritis.
Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol, 20 (2006), pp. 1119-1137
[15.]
R.S. Stephens.
The cellular paradigm of chlamydial pathogenesis.
Trends Microbiol, 11 (2003), pp. 44-51
[16.]
N.Z. Wilkinson, G.H. Kingsley, J. Sieper, J. Braun, E. Ward.
Lack of correlation between the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in synovial fluid from patients with a range of rheumatic diseases and the presence of an antichlamydial immune response.
Arthritis Rheum, 41 (1998), pp. 845-854
[17.]
M. Rihl, J. Gu, D. Baeten, et al.
Alpha beta but not gamma delta T cell clones in synovial fluids of patients with reactive arthritis show active transcription of tumour necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma.
Ann Rheum Dis, 63 (2004), pp. 1673-1676
[18.]
F.J. Toyos, J.L. Romo.
Tratamiento de las artritis reactivas.
Artritis infecciosas. Monografías SER n.o 1, pp. 323-334
[19.]
R. Franssila, K. Hedman.
Viral causes of arthritis.
Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol, 20 (2006), pp. 1139-1157
[20.]
R.H. Swanborg, J.A. Whittum-Hudson, A.P. Hudson.
Human herpesvirus 6 and Chlamydia pneumoniae as etiologic agents in multiple sclerosis–A critical review.
Microb Infect, 4 (2002), pp. 1327-1333
[21.]
M. Enbom.
Human herpesvirus 6 in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.
APMIS, 109 (2001), pp. 401-411
[22.]
S.M. Johnson.
The importance of B-cells and ecto-5’nucleotidase in Mycoplasma fermentans infection and the relevance to rheumatoid arthritis.
Immunol, 132 (2008), pp. 187-196
[23.]
S.M. Johnson, F. Brukner, D. Collins.
Distribution of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma salivarium in the synovial fluid of arthritis patients.
J Clin Microbiol, 45 (2007), pp. 953-957
[24.]
T. Rashid, K.S. Jayakumar, A. Binder, S. Ellis, P. Cunningham, A. Ebringer.
Rheumatoid arthritis patients have elevated antibodies to cross-reactive and non cross-reactive antigens from Proteus microbes.
Clin Exp Rheumatol, 25 (2007), pp. 259-267
[25.]
M.M. Newkirk, R. Goldbach-Mansky, B.W. Senior, J. Klippel, H.R. Schumacher Jr, H.S. El-Gabalawy.
Elevated levels of IgM and IgA antibodies to Proteus mirabilis and IgM antibodies to Escherichia coli are associated with early rheumatoid factor (RF)-positive rheumatoid arthritis.
Rheumatol, 44 (2005), pp. 1433-1441
[26.]
R.H. Swanborg, J.A. Whittum-Hudson, A.P. Hudson.
Human herpesvirus 6 and Chlamydia pneumoniae as etiologic agents in multiple sclerosis–A critical review.
Microb Infect, 4 (2002), pp. 1327-1333
[27.]
J. Harris, S.A. De Haro, S.S. Master, J. Keane, E.A. Roberts, M. Delgado, et al.
T helper 2 cytokines inhibit autophagic control of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Immunity, 27 (2008), pp. 505-517
[28.]
G.A.W. Rook, V. Adams, J. Hunt, R. Palmer, R. Martinelli, L. Rosa-Brunet.
Mycobacteria and other environmental organisms as immunomodulators for immunoregulatory disorders.
Semin Immunol, 25 (2004), pp. 237-255
[29.]
A. Lleo, P. Invernizzi, C. Selmi, R.L. Coppel, G. Alpini, M. Podda, et al.
Autophagy: highlighting a novel player in the autoimmunity scenario.
J Autoimmun, 29 (2007), pp. 61-68
[30.]
M. Parkes, J.C. Barret, N.J. Prescott.
Sequence variants in the autophagy gene IRGM and multiple other replicating loci contribute to Crohn's disease susceptibility.
Nat Genet, 39 (2007), pp. 830-832
[31.]
R.H. Swanborg, D.L. Boros, J.A. Whittum-Hudson, A.P. Hudson.
Molecular mimicry and horror autotoxicus: do chlamydial infections elicit autoimmunity?.
Expert Rev Mol Med, 8 (2006), pp. 1-23
[32.]
M. Harel, A. Aron-Maor, Y. Sherer, M. Blank, Y. Shoenfeld.
The infectious etiology of the antiphospholipid syndrome: links between infection and autoimmunity.
Immunobiol, 210 (2005), pp. 743-747
[33.]
A. Gasbarrini, S. Franceschi.
Autoimmune diseases and Helicobacter infections.
Biomed Pharmacother, 53 (1999), pp. 223-226
[34.]
J.K. Olson, A.M. Ercolini, S.D. Miller.
A virus-induced molecular mimicry model of multiple sclerosis.
Curr Topics Microbiol Immunol, 296 (2005), pp. 39-53
[35.]
M. Flodström-Tullberg.
Viral infections: their elusive role in regulating susceptibility to autoimmune disease.
Microbes Infect, 5 (2003), pp. 911-921
[36.]
E.J. Sundberg, L. Deng, R.A. Mariuzza.
TCR recognition of peptide/MHC class II complexes and superantigens.
Semin Immunol, 19 (2007), pp. 262-271
[37.]
S. Janssens, R. Beyaert.
Role of Toll-like receptors in pathogen recognition.
Clin Microbiol Rev, 32 (2003), pp. 637-646
[38.]
N.J. Gay, M. Gangloff, A. Weber.
The Toll-like receptors family.
Nat Rev Immunol, 6 (2006), pp. 693-698
[39.]
V. Sobek, N. Birkner, I. Falk, A. Würch, C.J. Kirschning, H. Wagner, et al.
Direct Toll-like receptor 2 mediated co-stimulation of T cells in the mouse system as a basis for chronic inflammatory joint disease.
Arthritis Res Ther, 6 (2004), pp. R433-R446
[40.]
C.M. Paulos, C. Wrzesinsky, A. Kaiser.
Microbial translocation augments the function of adoptively transferred self/tumour-specific CD8+ T cells via TLR4 signalling.
J Clin Invest, 117 (2007), pp. 2197-2204
[41.]
J.G. Routsias, A.G. Tzioufas.
The role of chaperone proteins in autoimmunity.
Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1088 (2006), pp. 52-64
[42.]
U. Zügel, S. Kaufmann.
Role of heat shock proteins in protection from and pathogenesis of infectious diseases.
Clin Microbiol Rev, 12 (1999), pp. 19-39
[43.]
K. Tse, A.A. Horner.
Update on toll-like receptor-directed therapies for human disease.
Ann Rheum Dis, 66 (2007), pp. 77-80
[44.]
B. Skurkovich, S. Skurkovich.
Autoimmune diseases are connected with disturbances in cytokine synthesis, and therapy with IFN-Á blockers is their main pathogenetic treatment.
Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1109 (2007), pp. 167-177
[45.]
C. Amlie-Lefond, D.A. Paz, M.P. Connelly, G.B. Huffnagle, K.S. Dunn, N.T. Whelan, et al.
Innate immunity for biodefense: A strategy whose time has come.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 116 (2005), pp. 1334-1342
Copyright © 2008. Elsevier España S.L. Barcelona
