Journal Information
Vol. 18. Issue 2.
Pages 91-93 (February 2022)
Visits
1980
Vol. 18. Issue 2.
Pages 91-93 (February 2022)
Brief Report
Full text access
Relationship of IP-10 gene expression to systemic lupus erythematosus activity
Relación de la expresión génica de IP-10 con la actividad del lupus eritematoso sistémico
Visits
1980
Julián Torres-Vázqueza, Martín Uriel Vázquez-Medinaa,b,c,
Corresponding author
marvazcan65@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, David Alberto Comoto-Santacruzd, Mariano Emilio Pradillo-Maciasa,c, Omar Eloy Muñoz-Monroya, Adriana Martínez-Cuazitla,c,d
a Hospital Central Militar, SEDENA, Mexico City, Mexico
b Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
c Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Central Militar, SEDENA, Mexico City, Mexico
d Laboratorio Multidisciplinario de Investigación, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, SEDENA, Mexico City, Mexico
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Full Text
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Figures (1)
Tables (1)
Table 1. Characteristics of the groups and relative gene expression (fold change) of IP-10.
Abstract
Objectives

To evaluate IP-10 gene expression in patients with SLE, and its possible relationship with disease activity.

Patients and methods

This study included 120 patients diagnosed with SLE and 30 healthy controls. The relative gene expression of IP-10 was investigated with the Fold Change method, which was correlated with the level of lupus activity evaluated with the SLEDAI 2-K instrument.

Results

Different levels of gene expression were found according to the SLE activity (P = <.001). IP-10 gene expression levels were higher in patients with severe activity than in those with no activity, low activity, and moderate activity. The increase in gene expression in the severe activity group was significant with a Fold Change of 3

Conclusion

The significant increase in relative gene expression IP-10 may be a marker of severe lupus activity.

Keywords:
CXCL-10
IP-10
INF
SLE
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Lupus activity
Resumen
Objetivo

Evaluar la expresión génica del gen IP-10 en pacientes con LES, y su posible relación con la actividad de la enfermedad.

Pacientes y métodos

El estudio incluyó 120 pacientes diagnosticados con LES y 30 controles sanos. Se investigó la expresión génica relativa de IP-10 con el método Fold Change, la cual fue correlacionada con el nivel de actividad lúpica evaluado con el instrumento SLEDAI 2-K.

Resultados

Se encontró diferentes niveles en la expresión génica de IP-10 relacionada con la actividad lúpica (p= <0,001). Los niveles de expresión génica de IP-10 fueron mayores en los pacientes con actividad grave respecto a aquellos sin actividad, actividad baja y actividad moderada. El incremento en la expresión génica del grupo con actividad grave fue significativo con un Fold Change de 3.

Conclusión

El incremento significativo en la expresión génica relativa IP-10 puede ser un marcador de actividad lúpica grave.

Palabras clave:
CXCL-10
IP-10
INF
LES
Lupus eritematoso sistémico
Actividad lúpica
Full Text
Introduction

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with heterogeneous presentation of symptoms, time-varying activity, multisystemic, characterised by the presence of antinuclear antibodies.1,2

Despite decades of studies, few biomarkers of SLE activity have been validated.3 The conventional markers (anti-C1q, anti-dsDNA, C3 and C4) are suboptimal, as they have a sensitivity of 50% and specificity of 75%.4 Hence the need for new biomarkers to determine response to treatment, and the need to modify treatment.

There is evidence that interferon (IFN) signalling is a major inducer in the pathophysiology of SLE. For example, the use of INF in other diseases induces SLE-associated antibodies. Therefore, overexpression of INF-stimulated genes in the blood of these patients has the potential to be a biomarker of activity.5

INF-induced chemokine protein 10 (IP-10 or CXCL10) is secreted by macrophages, monocytes, and endothelial cells in response to INF.6 Its CXCR3 receptor is expressed in Th1, B, NK lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Its functions include chemotactic activity, apoptosis induction, growth regulation, cell proliferation and angiogenesis. It is important because several studies have linked its serum levels to lupus activity and lupus nephritis.7

Although an increase in the relative expression of IP-10 has been found in leukocytes obtained from the peripheral blood of patients with SLE,8 there is little information correlating the degree of gene expression with disease activity, and therefore the aim of this study is to evaluate the relative gene expression of the IP-10 gene in people with SLE, and its possible relationship with disease activity.

Patients and methodsPatients

During the period between January 2018 and October 2019, 270 women who attended the rheumatology outpatient department or were admitted to the Central Military Hospital, classified as SLE cases according to the 1997 American College of Rheumatology criteria, were recruited. Their activity was quantified using the SLEDAI-2K instrument blinded to obtaining IP-10 gene expression,9 excluding those with active infectious processes over the last three months.

Thirty healthy women were also recruited for the control group who were not obese, and had no autoimmune diseases or active infections in the last three months. All the patients gave their informed consent, and this research study was approved by the bioethics and research committee of the Central Military Hospital.

Five groups were formed based on their SLEDAI-2K score, each with n = 30: 1.- control, 2.- no disease activity (NDA) score of zero to two, 3.- mild disease activity (MDA) score of three to four, 4.- moderate disease activity (ModDA) score of six to eight and 5.- severe disease activity (SDA) score of >eight.3

Samples

Blood samples were obtained by venous puncture from all the patients and processed in the molecular biology laboratory of the SEDENA Military School of Health Graduates, obtaining and quantifying total ribonucleic acid (RNA) from leukocytes in each of the samples.

In addition, primers were designed to amplify a specific region in exons 2 and 3 of the IP-10 gene and gene expression was measured using Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) of IP-10 messenger RNA (mRNA). The expression of an endogenous gene (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [GAPDH]) was then obtained from all samples. KAPA SYBR FAST One-Step qRT-PCR Master Mix (2X), from Kappa Biosystem was the kit used.

Quantification of gene expression

The relative gene expression of the groups was quantified by the fold change (FC) method, using the values of the cycles in which the samples begin to show significant fluorescence (Ct), obtained by qRT-PCR; Ct values are inversely proportional to the initial concentration of mRNA.

The first step in this method is to obtain the ΔCT which is the difference between the Ct means of the studied gene and the endogenous gene in a group, this value evaluates the expression of the gene in a group. Then, the ΔΔCT is obtained, which is the difference of the ΔCT between the groups with the disease and the control group, which evaluates gene behaviour in a disease. Finally, the FC is obtained using the formula 2−ΔΔCT and means the times a gene is over- or under-expressed on the logarithmic scale, in a group or groups with SLE with respect to the control group which has an FC value of 1.

Because of its continuous scale, tendency to normality and not representing a proportion, the overall statistical significance between groups is obtained with the ΔCT values by the analysis of variance test (ANOVA). Expression of the gene under study (IP-10) is considered to be significantly involved in disease activity when the FC of the group is greater than two.

GraphPad Prism 8.4.0 software was used for the statistical analysis.

Results

Not normally distributed data are presented as medians (IQR). Of all the patients included, the median age was 38 years (29, 53). The women with SLE had a median SLEDAI-2K score of eight (four, 27) and age of 42 years (34, 54). The characteristics by group and FC analysis are shown in Table 1 and Fig. 1 plots the FC of the groups. The difference in the relative expression of IP-10 between the groups was statistically significant (F = 5.3 [4104.8], P = <.001) determined by one-way ANOVA (Brown-Forsythe).

Table 1.

Characteristics of the groups and relative gene expression (fold change) of IP-10.

  No. = 150  Control No. = 30  NDA No. = 30  MDA No. = 30  ModDA No. = 30  SDA No. = 30   
Characteristics by groupP 
Age  Median (IQR)  24(23.28)  34 (27. 54)  37 (31.49)  47 (34. 69)  43 (34.54)  <.001* 
SLE age      34 (27. 54)  37 (31.49)  47 (34. 69)  43 (34.54)  .3* 
SLEDAI-2K      0 (. 0)  4 (4. 4)  7 (6. 8)  25 (20. 34)   
Analysis of IP-10 fold changeP 
GADPH  Mean  17.1  17.6  17.7  17.6  17.7   
IP-10    24.2  24.31  24.39  25.6  23.3   
ΔCT    7.1  6.7  6.6  5.5  <.001** 
ΔΔCT    −.46  −.49  .8  −1.59   
Fold change  Mean 95% CI  1 (.6–1.4)  1.38 (.8–2.1)  1.41 (1.1–1.8)  .56 (.3–1)  3 (1.4–6.1)   

SDA: Severe disease activity; MDA: Mild disease activity; ModDA: Moderate activity; SLE age: Age of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; CI: Confidence interval; IQR: Interquartile range; IP-10: Interferon gamma-induced protein 10; NDA: No disease activity.

*

Determined with the Kruskal Wallis test.

**

Determined with Brown-Forsythe ANOVA test.

Fig. 1.

Relative IP-10 gene expression according to SLE activity. The geometric mean and 95% confidence interval of the IP-10 fold change in each group are presented. Only the group with severe disease activity shows a significant increase in relative gene expression.

LES: systemic lupus erythematosus; MDA: Mild disease activity; ModDA: Moderate disease activity; NDA: No disease activity; SDA: Severe disease activity.

(0.05MB).
Discussion

This study demonstrated a significant increase (FC > 2) in IP-10 gene expression in the patients with SLE and SDA, who had a greater increase in IP-10 expression than the other subjects. Apart from the MDA group, the FC values were higher in those diagnosed with SLE.

Although there was a statistically significant difference between the age of all the groups, when only patients diagnosed with SLE were considered, the P-value was .3. Therefore, the variation in gene expression observed in this study cannot be considered to be associated with age.

The findings in the ModDA group could be explained by differences in response to treatment, as it has been found that IP-10 expression is reduced in patients who respond well to immunomodulatory treatment. It is possible that the ModDA group represents the population with a good response, patients with MDA or SDA, those starting on therapy or newly diagnosed and those with SDA that is resistant to treatment.10

There is also evidence that the predominance of the Th1 phenotype in CD4+ lymphocytes in SLE patients is associated with increased lupus activity. INF secreted by Th1 lymphocytes promotes the synthesis and release of INF response products such as IP-10. By contrast, interleukins secreted by Th2 lymphocytes antagonise the secretion and action of mediators released by Th1 lymphocytes, including INF.11 Therefore, the lower IP-10 gene expression in the ModDA group may be due to a predominance of Th2 lymphocytes, and the SDA group has higher IP-10 gene expression due to a predominance of Th1 lymphocytes.

In conclusion, it could be suggested that the significant increase in IP-10 gene expression may be a biomarker of severe lupus activity, which implies that it could be used to identify patients that require adjustment of treatment and stricter surveillance. As this was a preliminary study, the patients’ treatments and CD4+ lymphocyte phenotype were not collected and further prospective studies with larger case numbers that consider these variables are needed to corroborate our observations.

Funding

No funding was received for this paper.

Conflict of interests

The authors have no conflict of interests to declare.

References
[1]
H. Walling, R. Sontheimer.
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: issues in diagnosis and treatment.
Am J Clin Dermatol., 10 (2009), pp. 365-381
[2]
A.I.O. Caicedo, D.A. Ballesteros, M.C.R. Sánchez, J.C.M. Niño.
Dickkopf-1 protein and systemic lupus erythematosus: new fields in research.
Rev Colomb Reumatol., 23 (2016), pp. 259-265
[3]
M. Miniño.
Índice de actividad lúpica y tratamiento del lupus eritematoso en dermatología.
Dermatología Rev Mex., 52 (2008), pp. 20-28
[4]
H. Julkunen, S. Ekblom-Kullberg, A. Miettinen.
Nonrenal and renal activity of systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparison of two anti-C1q and five anti-dsDNA assays and complement C3 and C4.
Rheumatol Int., 32 (2012), pp. 2445-2451
[5]
P. Puapatanakul, S. Chansritrakul, P. Susantitaphong, T. Ueaphongsukkit, S. Eiam-Ong, K. Praditpornsilpa, et al.
Interferon-inducible protein 10 and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Int J Mol Sci., 20 (2019), pp. 4952
[6]
C. Gota, L. Calabrese.
Induction of clinical autoimmune disease by therapeutic interferon-α.
Autoimmunity., 36 (2003), pp. 511-518
[7]
M. Liu, S. Guo, J.M. Hibbert, V. Jain, N. Singh, N.O. Wilson, et al.
CXCL10/IP-10 in infectious diseases pathogenesis and potential therapeutic implications.
Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 22 (2011), pp. 121-130
[8]
J.W. Bauer, M. Petri, F.M. Batliwalla, T. Koeuth, J. Wilson, C. Slattery, et al.
Interferon-regulated chemokines as biomarkers of systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity: a validation study.
Arthritis Rheum., 60 (2009), pp. 3098-3107
[9]
D.D. Gladman, D. Ibañez, M.B. Urowitz.
Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000.
J Rheumatol., 29 (2002), pp. 288-291
[10]
P.R. Dominguez-Gutierrez, A. Ceribelli, M. Satoh, E.S. Sobel, W.H. Reeves, E.K.L. Chan.
Reduced levels of CCL2 and CXCL10 in systemic lupus erythematosus patients under treatment with prednisone, mycophenolate mofetil, or hydroxychloroquine, except in a high STAT1 subset.
Arthritis Res Ther., 16 (2014), pp. R23
[11]
M. Akahoshi, H. Nakashima, Y. Tanaka, T. Kohsaka, S. Nagano, E. Ohgami, et al.
Th1/Th2 balance of peripheral T helper cells in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Please cite this article as: Torres-Vázquez J, Uriel Vázquez-Medina M, Comoto-Santacruz DA, Pradillo-Macias ME, Muñoz-Monroy OE, Martínez-Cuazitl A. Relación de la expresión génica de IP-10 con la actividad del lupus eritematoso sistémico. Reumatol Clin. 2022;18:91–93.

Copyright © 2021. Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Reumatología y Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología
Idiomas
Reumatología Clínica (English Edition)
Article options
Tools
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?